| GEOLOGY -
Optional of Part B - Main Examination of Civil Services Exam |
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PAPER
- I
1.
General Geology:
The Solar System,
Meteorites, Origin and interior of the earth and age of earth; Volcanoes- causes
and products, Volcanic belts; Earthquakes-causes, effects, Seismic zones of
India; Island arcs, trenches and mid-ocean ridges; Continental drifts; Seafloor
spreading, Plate tectonics; Isostasy.
2.
Geomorphology and Remote Sensing:
Basic concepts of
geomorphology; Weathering and soil formations; Landforms, slopes and drainage;
Geomorphic cycles and their interpretation; Morphology and its relation to
structures and lithology; Coastal geomorphology; Applications of geomorphology
in mineral prospecting, civil engineering; Hydrology and environmental studies;
Geomorphology of Indian subcontinent.
Aerial photographs
and their interpretation-merits and limitations; The Electromagnetic spectrum;
Orbiting satellites and sensor systems; Indian Remote Sensing Satellites;
Satellites data products; Applications of remote sensing in geology; The
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) - its
applications.
3.
Structural Geology:
Principles of
geologic mapping and map reading, Projection diagrams, Stress and strain
ellipsoid and stress-strain relationships of elastic, plastic and viscous
materials; Strain markers in deformed rocks; Behaviour of minerals and rocks
under deformation conditions; Folds and faults classification and mechanics;
Structural analysis of folds, foliations, lineations, joints and faults,
unconformities; Time-relationship between crystallization and deformation.
4.
Paleontology:
Species-
definition and nomenclature; Megafossils and Microfossils; Modes of preservation
of fossils; Different kinds of microfossils; Application of microfossils in
correlation, petroleum exploration, paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies;
Evolutionary trend in Hominidae, Equidae and Proboscidae; Siwalik fauna;
Gondwana flora and fauna and its importance; Index fossils and their
significance.
5.
Indian Stratigraphy:
Classification of
stratigraphic sequences: lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic,
chro-nostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic and their interrelationships;
Distribution and classification of Precambrian rocks of India; Study of
stratigraphic distribution and lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with
reference to fauna, flora and economic importance; Major boundary problems-
Cambrian/Precambrian, Permian/Triassic, Cretaceous/Tertiary and
Pliocene/Pleistocene; Study of climatic conditions, paleogeography and igneous
activity in the Indian subcontinent in the geological past; Tectonic framework
of India; Evolution of the Himalayas.
6.
Hydrogeology and Engineering
Geology:
Hydrologic
cycle and genetic classification of water; Movement of subsurface water;
Springs; Porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and
storage coefficient, classification of aquifers; Water-bearing characteristics
of rocks; Groundwater chemistry; Salt water intrusion; Types of wells; Drainage
basin morphometry; Exploration for groundwater; Groundwater recharge; Problems
and management of groundwater; Rainwater harvesting; Engineering properties of
rocks; Geological investigations for dams, tunnels highways, railway and
bridges; Rock as construction material; Landslides-causes, prevention and
rehabilitation; Earthquake-resistant structures.
PAPER
- II
1.
Mineralogy:
Classification of
crystals into systems and classes of symmetry; International system of
crystallographic notation; Use of projection diagrams to represent crystal
symmetry; Elements of X-ray
crystallography.
Physical and
chemical characters of rock forming silicate mineral groups; Structural
classification of silicates; Common minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks;
Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate, sulphide and halide groups; Clay minerals.
Optical properties
of common rock forming minerals; Pleochroism, extinction angle, double
refraction, birefringence, twinning and dispersion in minerals.
2.
Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology:
Generation and
crystallization of magmas; Crystallization of albite-anorthite,
diopside-anorthite and diopside-wollastonite-silica systems; Bowen’s Reaction
Principle; Magmatic differentation and assimilation; Petrogenetic significance
of the textures and structures of igneous rocks; Petrography and petrogenesis of
granite, syenite, diorite, basic and ultrabasic groups, charnockite, anorthosite
and alkaline rocks; Carbonatites; Deccan volcanic province.
Types and agents
of metamorphism; Metamorphic grades and zones; Phase rule; Facies of regional
and contact metamorphism; ACF and AKF diagrams; Textures and structures of
metamorphic rocks; Metamorphism of arenaceous, argillaceous and basic rocks;
Minerals assemblages Retrograde metamorphism; Metasomatism and granitisation,
migmatites, Granulite terrains of India.
3.
Sedimentary Petrology:
Sediments and
Sedimentary rocks: Processes of formation; digenesis and lithification; Clastic
and non-clastic rocks-their classification, petrography and depositional
environment; Sedimentary facies and provenance; Sedimentary structures and their
significance; Heavy minerals and their significance; Sedimentary basins of
India.
4.
Economic Geology:
Ore, ore minerals
and gangue, tenor of ore, classification of ore deposits; Process of formation
of minerals deposits; Controls of ore localization; Ore textures and structures;
Metallogenic epochs and provinces; Geology of the important Indian deposits of
aluminium, chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead zinc, manganese, titanium, uranium
and thorium and industrial minerals; Deposits of coal and petroleum in India;
National Mineral Policy; Conservation and utilization of mineral resources;
Marine mineral resources and Law of Sea.
5.
Mining Geology:
Methods of
prospecting-geological, geophysical, geochemical and geobotanical; Techniques of
sampling; Estimation of reserves or ore; Methods of exploration and mining
metallic ores, industrial minerals, marine mineral resources and building
stones; Mineral beneficiation and ore dressing.
6.
Geochemistry and Environmental Geology:
Cosmic abundance
of elements; Composition of the planets and meteorites; Structure and
composition of Earth and distribution of elements; Trace elements; Elements of
crystal chemistry-types of chemical bonds, coordination number; Isomorphism and
polymorphism; Elementary thermodynamics.
Natural
hazards-floods, mass wasting, costal hazards, earthquakes and volcanic activity
and mitigation; Environmental impact of urbanization, mining, industrial and
radioactive waste disposal, use of fertilizers, dumping of mine waste and fly
ash; Pollution of ground and surface water, marine pollution; Environment
protection - legislative measures in India; Sea level changes: causes and
impact.